India Kepala cent: Spesifikasi, Rincian na Émbaran Umum
Kasang Tukang jeung Sajarah
The Penny sirah India dijieun pikeun ngaganti Flying Eagle cent lantaran Amérika Sarikat mint ieu ngabogaan masalah ngahalangan Flying Eagle cent seragam. Dina arah ti mint Diréktur James Ross Snowden, James B. Longacre dirancang ngagantian éta. Desain sabalikna ari nu relatif sarua bari Longacre diganti rarancang obverse kalawan inohong allegorical of Lady Liberty ngagem hiji headdress India.
Longacre munggaran dipaké inohong gagasan allegorical ieu dina 1854 hiji dollar sapotong emas. Desain sabalikna éta pisan sarupa harita Flying Eagle sabalikna. Dina mimiti warsih (1859) sabalikna kungsi wreath Laurel sabudeureun kecap salah cent. Dina 1860, Longacre robah wreath di sisi sabalikna ka wreath dijieunna tina daun ek jeung Uni Shield di luhureun wreath kana.
Alatan éta rising biaya bahan baku nalika Perang Sipil, wangunanna dirobah midway ngaliwatan 1864 tina campuran tambaga jeung nikel ka alloy perunggu. Sajaba ti, Kongrés disatujuan a ngurangan beurat ti 4,67 gram ka 3,11 gram. Produksi cents ieu dituluykeun liwat 1909 nalika Departemen Khazanah diganti deui ku cent Lincoln yén commemorated ulang 100th kalahiran-Na.
India Kepala nilai Penny sarta harga geus tetep sajarahna datar nalika dilereskeun pikeun inflasi.
Sanajan kitu, aya sababaraha India Kepala Penny kaping konci na variétas anu ngahargaan dina laju gancang.
Spesifikasi lengkep
| Pamaréntah ngaluarkeun | Amérika Serikat |
| $ 0.01 (Salah cent) | |
| Type Coinage | India Kepala cent (aka India Kepala Penny) |
| Kaping Mintage | 1859 mun 1909 |
| Fasilitas produksi | Philadelphia sarta San Fransisco |
| Mint Tandaan lokasi | Dina arah sabalikna, di handap handap ruku on wreath kana. (1908 & 1909 hijina) |
| komposisi | 1859 - 1864: 88% tambaga, 12% nikel (tambaga-nikel) 1864 - 1909: 95% tambaga, 5% diimah jeung séng (parunggu) |
| beurat | 1859 - 1864: 4,67 gram 1864 - 1909: 3.11grams |
| Beurat toleransi (+/-) | 1859 - 1864: 0,259 gram 1864 - 1909: 0.290grams |
| Beurat Emas saleresna () | 0,0000 Troy ons (ngandung euweuh emas) |
| Sabenerna Beurat Silver ( ASW ) | 0,0000 Troy ons (ngandung euweuh pérak) |
| Sabenerna Platinum Beurat () | 0,0000 Troy ons (ngandung euweuh Platinum) |
| 1859 - 1864: 8.92 (tambaga-nikel) 1864 - 1909: 8.84 (parunggu) | |
| Diameter | 19 mm |
| kakandeleun | 1859 - 1864: 2,33 mm 1864 - 1909: 1,55 mm |
| ujung Tipe | sederhana |
| Obverse Pedaran | Lady Liberty ngagem hiji headdress India nyanghareup ditinggalkeun, Indonesia Amérika sabudeureun perimeter kalawan tanggal di handap |
| Desainer Obverse & Engraver | James B. Longacre |
| sabalikna Pedaran | 1859: Hiji cent jero Laurel wreath 1860 - 1909: Hiji cent jero hiji wreath dijieunna tina ek daun ku Union Shield di luhur |
| Desainer sabalikna & Engraver | James B. Longacre |
| (Katalog Krause-Mishler No.) | 1859: 87 1860 - 1864: 90 1864 - 1909: 90a |
| Catetan | Kasusah di leres ngahalangan komposisi tambaga-nikel ngarah ka putusan pikeun ngarobah wangunan keur parunggu di tengah 1864. |
Produksi Taun, Mints na Tipe
The India Kepala Penny ieu minted ti 1859 dugi 1909 sarta dina dua fasilitas mint béda: Philadelphia, sarta Denver. Diajar ngeunaan taun, jurus tipe, fasilitas mint, tanda mint dipaké dina koin sarta pedaran naon Bedana tipe dina koin minted pikeun sataun éta. India Kepala Penny mintage jeung produksi inohong anu reflective tina waktu nu maranéhanana dijieun.
| taun | mint | mint Tandaan | ngetik |
| Ngabalikeun: Laurel wreath, teu tameng Komposisi: Tambaga-nikel | |||
| 1859 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1859 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| Ngabalikeun: Oak wreath kalawan Uni Shield Komposisi: Tambaga-nikel | |||
| 1860 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1860 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1861 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1861 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1862 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1862 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1863 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1863 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1864 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1864 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| Komposisi: Perunggu | |||
| 1864 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1864 | Philadelphia | L on pita | |
| 1864 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1864 Buktina | Philadelphia | L on pita | |
| 1865 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1865 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1866 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1866 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1867 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1867 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1868 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1868 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| taun | mint | mint Tandaan | ngetik |
| 1869 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1869 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1870 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1870 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1871 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1871 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1872 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1872 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1873 | Philadelphia | Ditutup 3 | |
| 1873 | Philadelphia | Buka 3 (Saatos keluhan yén "3" kokotéténgan kawas hiji "8", mint anu dijieun desain sareng langkung kabuka "3".) | |
| 1873 Buktina | Philadelphia | Ditutup 3 | |
| 1873 Buktina | Philadelphia | Buka 3 (Saatos keluhan yén "3" kokotéténgan kawas hiji "8", mint anu dijieun desain sareng langkung kabuka "3".) | |
| 1874 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1874 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1875 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1875 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1876 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1876 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1877 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1877 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1878 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1878 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1879 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1879 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| taun | mint | mint Tandaan | ngetik |
| 1880 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1880 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1881 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1881 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1882 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1882 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1883 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1883 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1884 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1884 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1885 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1885 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1886 | Philadelphia | tipe 1 (Hurup Tukang dina kecap "Amerika" aligns jeung curl handap on bust nu India urang.) | |
| 1886 | Philadelphia | tipe 2 (Hurup Tukang dina kecap "Amerika" aligns beuki ka katuhu tina curl handap on bust nu India urang.) | |
| 1886 Buktina | Philadelphia | tipe 1 (Hurup Tukang dina kecap "Amerika" aligns jeung curl handap on bust nu India urang.) | |
| 1886 Buktina | Philadelphia | tipe 2 (Hurup Tukang dina kecap "Amerika" aligns beuki ka katuhu tina curl handap on bust nu India urang.) | |
| 1887 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1887 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1888 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1888 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1889 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1889 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1890 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1890 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1891 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1891 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1892 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1892 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1893 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1893 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1894 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1894 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| taun | mint | mint Tandaan | ngetik |
| 1895 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1895 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1896 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1896 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1897 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1897 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1898 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1898 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1899 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1899 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1900 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1900 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1901 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1901 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1902 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1902 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1903 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1903 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1904 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1904 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1905 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1905 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1906 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1906 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1907 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1907 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1908 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1908 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1908 | San Fransisco | S | |
| 1909 | Philadelphia | ||
| 1909 Buktina | Philadelphia | ||
| 1909 | San Fransisco | S | |
Kasalahan sarta variétas
aya sababaraha populér kasalahan sarta variétas anu kolektor India Kepala Penny néangan sabab mawa nilai premium leuwih koin tanggal umum.
| taun | mint | mint Tandaan | Kasalahan / Ragam | Catetan / Deskripsi |
| 1869 | Philadelphia | 9 leuwih 9 | duka kali nyaeta paling noticeable dina dua digit panungtung tanggal, "69" | |
| 1869 Buktina | Philadelphia | 9 leuwih 9 | duka kali nyaeta paling noticeable dina dua digit panungtung tanggal, "69" | |
| 1873 | Philadelphia | Dbl. kamerdikaan | Néangan duka kali tina kecap "Liberty" dina headband nu India urang | |
| 1873 Buktina | Philadelphia | Dbl. kamerdikaan | Néangan duka kali tina kecap "Liberty" dina headband nu India urang | |
| 1888 | Philadelphia | 8 leuwih 7 | Bagian handap panungtungan dina titimangsa (nu "7") bisa kénéh ditempo nempel kaluar ti belah kénca juru handap "8". | |
| 1888 Buktina | Philadelphia | 8 leuwih 7 | Bagian handap panungtungan dina titimangsa (nu "7") bisa kénéh ditempo nempel kaluar ti belah kénca juru handap "8". |
Ngusulkeun Buku on Penny Kepala India (ie cents India Kepala)
- Walter Breen urang lengkep Encyclopedia of AS sarta koin Kolonial; Walter Breen; Penerbit: Doubleday; 1 édisi (1 Mei 1988); ISBN-13: 978-0385142076
- Guide nu Cherrypickers 'pikeun variétas maot Langka, 5 Edition, Jilid 1; Fivaz, Bill na JT Stanton; Penerbit: Whitman Publishing, Atlanta (2009); ISBN-13: 978-0794822859
- Ngalayang Eagle & cents India; Salju, Richard; Samoja Pencét Panon; 1992
- A Guide Kitab Flying Eagle & cents Kepala India; Salju, Richard; Whitman Publishing, Atlanta; 2009; ISBN-10: 0794828310; ISBN-13: 978-0794828318
- The Flying Eagle & Guide Attribution cent India 1859-1869; Salju, Richard; Samoja Panon Langka koin; Tucson, AZ; 2005; ASIN: B000VK2IAY
- T anjeunna Laleur ing Eagle & cent India Guide Attribution 1870-1889; Salju, Richard; Samoja Panon Langka koin Tucson, AZ; 2007; ASIN: B000VK7PP2
- The Flying Eagle & Guide Attribution cent India 1890-1909; Salju, Richard; Samoja Panon Langka koin Tucson, AZ; 2009; ISBN-10: 0970375050; ISBN-13: 978-0970375056
- A meuli sarta enthusiast urang Guide to Flying Eagle na cents India; Q. Daud Bowers; Bowers na Merena galeri (1996); ISBN-10: 0943161681; ISBN-13: 978-0943161686
- Ngalayang Eagle & cents India; Salju, Richard; Samoja Pencét Panon; édisi percetakan munggaran; 1992; ASIN: B0006OXI2W
- The Finders ngalaporkeun: A komprehensif Guide Pikeun Dipilih Langka Flying Eagle sarta India cent maot variétas; Larry Sunda Steve; Nuvista Pencét; édisi 1st (1995); ISBN-10: 0964585022; ISBN-13: 978-0964585027
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